1. Herman William Daen
dels
In 1785, he sided with the Patriots, who had seized power in several
Dutch cities. In 1786 he defended the city of Hattem against
stadholderian troops. In 1787, he defended Amsterdam against the
Prussian army that invaded the Netherlands to restore William V of
Orange. After William V was in power again, he fled to France because of
a death sentence. Daendels was close witness to the French revolution.
He returned to the Netherlands in 1794, as a general in the French
revolutionary army of general Charles Pichegru and commander of the
Batavian Legion. Daendels helped unitarian politician Pieter Vreede to
power in a coup d'état on 25 January 1798. The group behind Vreede was
dissatisfied with the conservative-moderate majority in parliament,
which tried to prevent the formulation of a more democratic,
centralistic constitution. The reign of Vreede did not bring the
expected results, however, and Daendels supported another coup d'état
against Vreede on 14 June 1798. In the Batavian Republic Daendels
occupied several political offices, but he had to step down when he
failed to prevent the Anglo-Russian Invasion of Holland in 1799, and
became a farmer in Heerde, Gelderland.
Louis Bonaparte made Daendels colonel-general in 1806 and
Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies in 1807. After a long voyage,
he arrived in the city of Batavia (now Jakarta) on 5 January 1808 and
relieved the former Governor General, Albertus Wiese. His primary task
was to rid the island of Java of the British Army, which he promptly
achieved.[citation needed] He built new hospitals and military barracks,
a new arms factories in Surabaya and Semarang, and a new military
college in Batavia. He demolished the Castle in Batavia and replaced it
with a new fort at Meester Cornelis (Jatinegara), and built Fort
Lodewijk in Surabaya. However, his best-known achievement was the
construction of the Great Post Road (Indonesian: Jalan Raya Pos) across
northern Java from Anjer to Panaroecan. The road now serves as the main
road in the island of Java, called Jalur Pantura. The thousand-kilometre
road was completed in only one year, during which thousands of Javanese
forced labourers died.[2]
He displayed a firm attitude towards the Javanese rulers, with the
result that the rulers were willing to work with the British against the
Dutch. He also subjected the population of Java to forced labour
(Rodi). There were some rebellious actions against this, such as those
in Cadas Pangeran, West Java.
There is considerable debate as to whether he increased the efficiency
of the local bureaucracy and reduced corruption, although he certainly
enriched himself during this period.
2.
Thomas Stamford Raffles 
thomas Stamford Raffles was born at sea on board a ship Ann on the 6th of July, 1781 off the coast of Jamaica. In 1795, the young man accepted his first job in the East India Company as a clerk. But he studied hard in his spare time and in 1804, was posted to Penang (then Prince of Wales Island) and promoted to Assistant Secretary to the Presidency of that Malaysian island. His mastery over the Malay language made him indispensable to the British Government, and he was later appointed Malay translator to the Government of India. In 1811, he returned as the Lieutenant Governor of Java, and was soon promoted to Governor of Bencoolen (now Sumatra). On 19th January, 1819, Raffles founded modern Singapore and first mooted the idea which led to the establishment of the Raffles Museum on the island.
Stamford Raffles was deeply fascinated by the immense diversity of strange animals and plants of the East Indies during his tenure there. He soon employed zoologists and botanists to discover all they can about the animals and plants of the region and would pay his assistants out of his own pockets to collect specimens. He also revived and became the president of the Batavian Society which was actively engaged in the study of natural history of Java and adjacent areas.
In 1800 , the British blockade of the Dutch mounting . Dutch - standing position that exists outside of Java ( only Ambon rather strong ) by the British . Thus Ambon , Gorontalo , Banda , Ternate , practical can be mastered. Not with Java , apparently still strong defense and military calculations require more serious . But the decision was not taken by the British in India helm . However , preparations for the attack had been carried out since the Java earlier times ( Dekker , 1993) .In 1808 began to take a new age in the Java - European relations . Holland had been under French rule since 1795 . In connection with the growing centralization of power , then the Bonaperte Napoleon raised his younger brother, Louis Napoleon as ruler in the Netherlands in 1806 . In 1808, Louis sent Marshal Herman Willem Daendels to Batavia to become governor -general ( 1808-1811 ) and to strengthen the defense of Java as a base against the British in the Indian Ocean . On his way Daendels not bring new troops with even wear an American flag to avoid attacks or obstacles England in India . In the absence of forces that brought him immediately to form an army consisting of mostly made up of people of Indonesia , numbered from 4000 to 18000 people ( Ricklefs , 2005) .Heavy pressure against the British blockade paralyzing Dutch coffee exports , which is one major source of income . Under Daendels economic atmosphere that is both revolutionary and dictator is broken . In addition to her hatred come from all walks including the Europeans themselves . That is to combat fraud and corruption surrounding the administration Europe many failures ( Ricklefs , 2005) . One example Daendels actions that only produce hatred are as follows , as noted above , that Ambon is still maintained by the Netherlands in a small size . There is placed a French colonel named Filz . As a result of the British attack Filz surrender . He was released by the UK and then went to Batavia to take responsibility for his actions . The result is poor even dimarahinya colonel and later sentenced to death ( with the shot ) , it is an irresponsible act by a leader like Daendels . The resistance in various places on the all hard Daendels of the Indonesian nation , among others, are Banten , Cirebon , and Yogyakarta ( Dekker , 1993) .In 1811 , Thomas Stamford Raffles included in group expedition to Java as Lieutenant Governor under the orders of the Governor -General ( in India ) Sir Gilbert Elliot - Murray - mond Kynyn or better known as Lord Minto , until 1817 . Lord Minto like Raffles because kecerdikanya , skills , and abilities in the Malay language , so he was sent to Malacca . Not long after arriving in the land of Java after the French controlled the Kingdom of the Netherlands , Raffles set up a military expedition against the Dutch in Java . The raid was led by Admiral Robert Stopford , General Watherhall , Colonel Gillespie2 ( Raffles , 2008) and in addition come too Tuntang General Auchmuty3 where capitulation is a sign that officially ended the Dutch - French history in Indonesia. Here are the contents of the Tuntang capitulation was signed by the British and Auchmuty from Janssen from the Netherlands , on 18 September 1811 :The whole Java submitted to the UKAll the soldiers became prisoners and all employees who want to work together with the UK , may continue to hold officeAll of debt that the Dutch government first , it will not be borne by the British .A week before the capitulation Tuntang , Raffles has been appointed as the Lieutenant Governor -General but central control remains in Calcutta ( Dekker , 1993) .In case like this there is also a difference in the assessment of the Netherlands between Lord Minto with Raffles . The emergence of these two very different streams that flow Lord Minto that being soft and open to the Dutch who have lost and want to use the building and force them back as long as loyal to Britain , and Raffles flow that is hate against anything that smells Netherlands saw as the stodgy and cruel .After takhluknya Netherlands from the British , the Indonesian archipelago is fully under the control of British East India company and is divided into four administrative units of the government of Malacca , Bengkulu , Java , Maluku . With these administrative changes Maluku very lucky because a monopoly is not deleted but with more loosely defined , because the British East India Company had no financial interest to keep it tight like the Dutch system ( Vlekke , 2008) . When viewed as a whole revolution Daendels and Raffles equally the most important figures in the history of Indonesia, as the originator of the colonial revolution , a new policy that requires the implementation of the sovereignty and power of government administration throughout Europe whose goal utilizing Java , renew , or destroy institutions original items ( Rickefs , 2005) . Direct rule of the people by the government officials who are paid must replace the indirect rule through local intermediaries hereditary chiefs ( Vlekke , 2008) .Thomas Stamford Raffles was once the Governor General in a very short period in Java, which began in 1811 until 1816 . During kepemimipinannya , Raffles change the system of forced cultivation (culture stelsel ) imposed colonial Dutch , the land ownership system that most likely influenced by the early writings Dirk van Hogendorp , with landrente4 policy . The principle used is based on the theory of liberalism , as practiced in British India . As in the field of economy and finance Raffles provides that :all land belongs to the State , and the people as consumers ( tenants ) are obliged to pay land rent ( in the form of land tax ) to the government .Indigenous leaders like sultans and governors who do not obey the rules landrente , will be fired .Carry on the work done to the Netherlands for example, the sale of private land , and planting coffee , carry -free planting involving people in the trade.Salt monopolize trade in order not to be mocked preformance as very important for the people .Remove any submission compulsory and forced labor .
As Stamford Raffles was well-known in natural history circles, a number of animals and plants have been named in his honour. They include Megalaima rafflesi (Red-crowned Barbet), Dinopium rafflesii (Olive-backed Woodpecker) and Chaetodon rafflesi (Latticed Butterflyfish). Perhaps the most distinctive organism named after him would be Rafflesia, a genus of plants parasitic on palm trees which he discovered on an expedition to a jungle in Sumatra. These are endemic to Southeast Asia and produce the world's largest and possibly the most spectacular (abeit evil-smelling) flowers.
3.Van Den Bosch
BIOGRAFI
In 1827, he became the commissary general and was sent back to
Jakarta, where he was made Governor-General in 1830. Van den Bosch returned to
the Netherlands
five years later and took over the governing of the colony. He retired
voluntarily in 1839, when he was elevated to the noble rank of
Count and made
Minister of State on December 25 of that year. Van den Bosch died on January 1844 at his estate in
the Hague.
In 1830 , the Dutch government appoint a new Governor General for
Indonesia, John Van Der Bosch . Van Den Bosch is then issued policies
famous . Ie cultuurstelsel or cultivation system . Adapaun background
atutarn cultivation issuance are as follows· Cessation of production of
export crops for system rental / land tax take .· Empty the state
treasury due to the amount of funds allocated to quell the resistance of
Prince Diponegoro (1825-1830) and the War of Independence Belgium .·
The amount of debt the Netherlands .Pokok-pokok/aturan initial
cultivation1 . The people are required to provide a fifth of the land
planted unruk trade / export demand in export markets , such as sugar ,
coffee , indigo .2 . Land provided for the planting of commercial crops
exempt from land tax .3 . More value / residual profits of the trade
crops to farmers .4 . Commercial planting time jobs should not exceed
the time to plant rice .5 . Commercial planting of crop failure on the
government's responsibility .6 . Pengwasan the forced cultivation by
indigenous officials ( regent ) .Cultivation system implementation1 .
Plants that are required for planting commercial crops , often exceeding
one fifth , reaching even half the land area farmers .2 . Residual
profits from commercial crops taken by the government .3 . Work for
commercial plant often exceeds the time to plant rice , so the rice
growing areas of the people to be displaced .4 . Crop failure is the
responsibility of farmers .5 . The existence cultuur prosenten (
percentage gain ) given to supervisors cultivation .Enforcement cultuur
stelsel / cultivation system has a broad impact for the Dutch government
and the indigenous people .a. Impact of cultivation against the Dutch
government .- Revenue Dutch government had a surplus ( Batig Slot ) .-
Dutch debts can be paid off .- The Dutch government can do the country
development .b . Impact of cultivation on the indigenous people.-
Narrowing of the total area of rice cultivation .- Menculnya famine in
Demak and Grobogan ( 1849-1850 ) .- As a result of crop failures and
famine .- The widespread forms of land ownership and their ( communal
lands ) .- Indigenous people began to recognize the type of export crops
and planting systems .
4.
Multatuli
Biography
Dekker was born in
Amsterdam. His father, a ship's captain, intended his son for trade, but this humdrum prospect disgusted him, and in 1838 he went out to
Java and obtained a post as a
civil servant. He moved from one posting to another, until, in 1851, he became assistant-resident at
Ambon, in the
Moluccas. In 1857 he was transferred to
Lebak, in the
Bantam residency of Java (now
Banten
province). By this time, however, all the secrets of Dutch
administration were known to him, and he had begun to openly protest
about the abuses of the colonial system. Consequently he was threatened
with dismissal from his office for his openness of speech. Dekker
resigned his appointment and returned to the Netherlands.
Statue of Multatuli on a square over the
Singel canal in Amsterdam.
He was determined to expose in detail the scandals he had witnessed,
and he began to do so in newspaper articles and pamphlets. Little
notice, however, was taken of his protestations until, in 1860, he
published his novel
Max Havelaar
under the pseudonym of Multatuli. Dekker's new pseudonym, which is
derived from Latin, means, "I have suffered much", or, more literally "I
have borne much" referring to himself, as well as, it is thought, to
the victims of the injustices he saw. An attempt was made to suppress
the inflammatory book, but in vain; it was read all over Europe.
Colonialist apologists accused Dekker's horrific depictions of being
hyperbolic. Multatuli now began his literary career, and published
Love Letters (1861), which, in spite of their mild title, were mordant, unsparing
satires.
Although the literary merit of Multatuli's work was widely criticised, he received an unexpected and most valuable ally in
Carel Vosmaer who published a book (
The Sower 1874) praising him.
[1] He continued to write much, and to publish his miscellanies in uniform volumes called
Ideas, of which seven appeared between 1862 and 1877 and also contain his novel
Woutertje Pieterse.
Dekker left Holland, and went to live in
Ingelheim am Rhein near
Mainz, where he made several attempts to write for the stage. One of his pieces,
The School for Princes (published in 1875 in the fourth volume of
Ideas), expresses his non-conformist views on politics, society and religion. He moved his residence to
Nieder Ingelheim, on the
Rhine, where he died in 1887.
Dekker had been one of Sigmund Freud’s favourite writers. He heads the list of ‘ten good books’ which Freud drew up in 1907.[2]
Dekker had been one of Sigmund Freud’s favourite writers. He heads the list of ‘ten good books’ which Freud drew up in 1907.
[2]
In June 2002, the Dutch
Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde (Society for Dutch Literature) proclaimed Multatuli the most important Dutch writer of all time.
[3]
Multatuli's brother, Jan Douwes Dekker, is a grandfather of
Ernest Douwes Dekker (also known as Danudirja Setiabudi, an Indonesian National hero).
udge who Dowes Eduard Dekker ( Multatuli ) is not as simple and lazy reasoning mainset all Indonesian people who believe that the Dutch colonists and the natives always always colonized ; Netherlands always evil while the natives are always right .
Understanding the history in some matter is complicated , as complicated ins and outs of the human drama in the history of the story itself. How to defend a Dutch native who should humiliated ? Or how can a wide white Protestant Eduard Douwes Dekker touched upon the plight of indigenous people who love to Banten revolt under the banner sabilillah ? In this position , Dekker an exception .
Multatuli , the pen name of Eduard Douwes Dekker , embarrassed watching extortion and persecution of the indigenous people by local authorities . For the Dutch , he also did not agree with the attitude of silence the Dutch colonial government 's tyranny .
Multatuli was born in Amsterdam , Netherlands , March 2, 1820 . He has a sister named Jan, grandfather of Ernest Douwes Dekker ( Setiabudi ) . Father's merchant ship captain who earn enough . Therefore he could receive education up to university . Initially he was diligent school . But soon he was bored . His performance plummeted . His father was immediately out of school and put him in a trade office .
At the age of 18, his father took him to the East Indies by sailing ship " Dorothe " . The ship was anchored in Batavia on January 4, 1839 . Eleven days later , he got a job as a clerk ( clerical level ) in Algemen Rekenkamer.Setahun then move up so the class II Commission .
In 1842 , he worked as a civil service Ambtenaar in West Sumatra . West Sumatra Governor General Andreas Victor Michiels sent to the city of Natal as a controller ( superintendent , assistant resident notch below ) . He is happy with life in the remote town . But he was not happy with his duties . One time , my boss who perform inspection , found the presence of losses in the government treasury . He suspended .
A year he lived in Padang without income . Eventually he returned to Batavia ; undergo rehabilitation and get " money waiting " . While waiting for placement , he having an affair with Everdine Huberte Cordial van Wijnbergen . In April 1846, he Tine - term gain Everdine - in Cianjur , when he was serving in the office of the Assistant Resident ambtenaarsementara Purwakarta .
Career creeping up . In 1846 he was appointed as a permanent employee . He was promoted to Commissioner in the office of the Resident Purworedjo . Then Resident Johan George Stuart Otto von Schmidt auf Altenstadt appointed him secretary of the resident , before being moved to Manado . Peak , he became a resident assistant , the second highest position in the Dutch East Indies Ambtenaar , with assignments in Ambon . But he did not fit in with the Governor of Maluku , which makes his subordinates had no initiative . He also filed a leave of absence for health reasons and a vacation to the Netherlands with his wife .
According Multatuli Moechtar in his book : Author Big , Small People Defenders , Justice and Truth Seekers (2005 ) , at the time that E. de Waal ( later became Colonial Regional Minister ) , who still have family with his wife , introduced by Governor General Duymaer van Twist . Since then , he often received an invitation from the palace and discuss with van Twist . Van Twist sympathetic . When a resident assistant positions vacant in Lebak , van Twist lifted on January 4, 1856 .
In Lebak , he tried to carry out their duties properly . But he encountered a very bad situation in the Valley . The people are suffering due to the rules or herendienst peonage ( forced labor ) . The government is also running again Actively cultivation ( culture system ) . "The people of the Valley and surrounding areas in general are in a state of destitute and often arise petty rebellion . As a result, frequent arrests of population , torture , burning of villages , and massacres by the forces in power at that time , "wrote Moechtar .
He was suspicious of the Regent of Lebak Raden Duke Kerta Natanegara . She filed a complaint about the actions Regent of Lebak and daughter , Raden Parungkujang Demat Wiranatakusuma . He also reports directly to the van Twist , which is regarded as his friend . To her surprise , van Kempen report it to the Raad van Indie ( Indian Council ) that he be fired .
Decree of the Governor -General , dated March 23, 1856 No. . 30 , contains warning and dismissal Multatuli as a resident assistant and transfer to a lower-ranking Ngawi . He officially filed perngunduran itself on March 29, 1856 . The answer received five days later , 4 April 1856 .
Multatuli had to look for another job .
His attempts to clean up the administration of the colonial government foundered . He was looking for another way to let the world know what depravity of Dutch colonial system in its colonies.
Multatuli Eduard Douwes Dekker alias is a controversial Ambtenaar for
the Dutch colonial government . Instead of running the government's
policy as Assistant Resident of Lebak , he even unpacked kebobrokannya .
He particularly highlighted the practice of extortion , oppression ,
and corruption by the Regent Duke Kartanatanegara Hero Raden and his
cronies . This event he profiled in the book Max Havelaar .This year
even 150 year anniversary publication of literary works from the Max
Havelaar was published for the first time in 1860 . Multatuli works ( I
have suffered ) tells the story of the suffering of the people in Lebak
residency . A novel which face to slap the Dutch colonial government at
that time . Known, its contents unpacked ulcers Dutch colonial practice ,
the negative impact of cultivation ( culture system ) .Ironically , the
central theme of the book is actually the practice of extortion ,
oppression , and corruption of our own nation , the regents and their
subordinates . He instead protect and defend the interests of the people
, but rather to act otherwise . Valley of the suffering of the people
was complete : the Dutch colonized and oppressed their own people .The
injustice caused Lebak resident assistant at the time, Eduard Douwes
Dekker , sad and angry . Its call letters to the immediate supervisor ,
resident CP Brest van Kempen Duymaer or Governor -General AJ van Twist ,
in order to take action against perpetrators of dirty practices above ,
is not ignored .Only keputusasaanlah he got . This is what pushed him
to resign . The request is accepted immediately . For the umpteenth time
, Eduard Douwes Dekker returned must be unemployed . Previously he had
stopped working due to dispute with his boss , Governor of Maluku . Now
developed an assumption that the above incident was an impeachment
against him ( aanklacht ) .The only and last as an expression of protest
that could Eduard Douwes Dekker to do is to write . The book is written
in a small inn in Belgium in 1859 when he was in a state of distress
and poor.
5.
Conrad Theodore van Deventer
Conrad Theodore van Deventer (1857-1915) is known as a Dutch jurist and also figure the Ethical Policy.
He's at a young age went to the Dutch East Indies. In ten years, Deventer has become rich, because private plantation estates and airline emerging BPM oil then many require the services of legal counsel.
On a letter dated 30 April 1886 addressed to his parents, Deventer suggests the need for a more humane act out of concern for the natives to Spain experienced bankruptcy due to mismanagement of the colony.
Then in 1899 Deventer wrote in the magazine De Gids (Guide), entitled Een Eereschuld (debt of honor). Understanding the substasial Eereschuld is "honor debts to be paid, even if not in demand upfront judge". It consists of concrete figures on the Dutch public that explains how they became prosperous and safe country (the railways, dams, etc.) is the result of colonization which comes from the Dutch colonies in the East Indies ("Indonesia"), while the Indian Netherlands when it was poor and backward. So it is appropriate if such property is returned.
As a member of the Dutch Parliament Deventer, he received a ministerial duty of the colonies Idenburg to prepare a report on the economic situation of indigenous people in Java and Madura. Within a year, successfully complete the task Deventer (1904). With open Deventer revealed a sad state, then the firm has blamed government policy. The article was very well known, and of course invite a lot of pros and cons reaction. A writing is not less famous is also published by De Gids (1908) is a description of the Day Home Insulinde, which lays out ethical principles for a regulation of the government colony.
Kartini Foundation1911 when the knowledge of Kartini's letters published, Van Deventer impressed once, so moved to write a lengthy review, just to spread the ideals of Kartini, which fits with the ideals of Deventer own: lifting the natives are spiritually and economically , fighting for their emancipation.
Personally, Van Deventer had met with Kartini, Jepara Regent time daughter was 12 years old, but the communication does not continue. Time Kartini began writing letters to my friends daughter in the Netherlands, Van Deventer family had to leave Indonesia. New documents published by Abendanon, Deventer family showed an interest in the ideals of Kartini.
Since then, Ms. Van Deventer forth. In 1913 he founded the Kartini Foundation, which is intended to open a school for the daughters of the natives died after van Deventer (1915), the one who took care of Mrs. Deventer everything with tireless. Thousands of pupils daughter was entering "Kartini Schools" that shelter under the Kartini Foundation.
When the Dutch occupied Germany (1942), Mrs. Deventer died at the age of 85 years. He left a large amount of funds to be utilized for promoting Indonesia in the field of education. Furthermore the fund is managed by Van Deventer-Maas Stichting.
6.Van der Cappellen
actual colonial period in Javanese history began in 1830 . Government of
the Netherlands for the first time able to exploit and control the
entire island . There is no serious challenge to their rule until the
20th century . The Dutch also been able to engage directly in Java to
remote areas . Finally achieved political domination throughout Java in
1830 . [ 1 ]The financial condition of the Netherlands in 1830 was not
as smooth as with success mastering Java . Gains derived from its
control in Java is used for military and administrative costs . The
difficulty of the Dutch financial condition then pushing the Dutch
government to make policies in the area of the colony. One of the
financial rescue effort is the implementation of the system of forced
cultivation or culturstelsel .Background CultivationThe main factor
enactment cultivation system in Indonesia is the financial difficulties
experienced by the Dutch Government . Dutch expenditures used to finance
military purposes as a result of the Belgian War of 1830 in the
Netherlands and the Java War or Diponegoro War ( 1825-1830 ) in
Indonesia. The war ended with the independence of Belgium Belgium (
split from the Netherlands ) and the Dutch deteriorated financial causes
. Diponegoro War is the most expensive war for the Dutch in the face of
resistance from the natives which is about 20 million guilders . [ 2
]Attempt to rescue the Dutch financial actually been done since the
reign of Van der Capellen ( 1819-1825 ) . Van der Capellen implementing a
policy that ensures the Javanese to use and reap the rewards of their
land freely . Policies adopted when it is expected to drive the Javanese
to produce products that can be sold so much easier for them to pay
rent for the land . This policy is doomed to failure because of
additional expenses caused by the Java War and the decline of tropical
agricultural commodity prices in the world . [ 3 ]Dutch efforts are
increasingly challenged because of international trade rivalries . The
trade competition among the English party , and after the founding of
Singapore in 1819 led to the role of Batavia in the small trade in
Southeast Asia . Problems in the Indonesian region itself exacerbated by
falling coffee prices in European trade , where coffee is a mainstay
export product revenue for the Dutch .During the Java War lasted , the
Dutch think of a plan to gain huge profits from its colonies ,
especially Java. In 1829 Johannes van den Bosch told the Dutch King
proposals were later called culturstelsel . [ 4 ] Van den Bosch wants to
make Java as a profitable asset homeland in the shortest possible time
to generate tropical agricultural commodities , especially coffee ,
sugar , and indigo ( indigo ) , at low prices so that they can compete
with similar products from other parts of the world . Van den Bosch
recommends a system which he claims is more in accordance with the
Javanese tradition , which is based on the cultivation and delivery of
crops forced ( forced cultivation ) to the government . [ 5 ] King
approve these proposals , and in January 1830 the Van den Bosch arrived
in Java as the new Governor-General .Cultivation provisionsJohannes van
den Bosch is managing the cultivation system , he was appointed Governor
-General on January 19, 1830 and the basic rule contained in RR 1830. [
6 ] cultivation system was introduced gradually from 1830 to 1835 and
by 1840 the system has been running in Java .The main characteristics of
the implementation of the cultivation system is imperative for the
people to pay taxes in the form of taxes in kind , namely in the form of
their agricultural products . The provisions of the cultivation system ,
contained in the Gazette ( gazetted ) No. . 22, 1834 . Main provisions
include:1 . Indonesian people will provide most of the land planted
their fields for which demand in European markets such as coffee , tea ,
sugar cane , and tilapia . Land was turned over not more than one-fifth
of the village fields .2 . Part of the land which provided one-fifth as
much rice area is free of tax .3 . Work to preserve these plants should
not exceed the length of the work required to maintain their fields
themselves .4 . Section of land provided for growing cash crops
dibebasakan of land tax payments .5 . Results of the plant was submitted
to the Government of the Netherlands and weighed . If the estimated
cost exceeds the price of land rent to be paid by the people, the more
shall be returned to the people . It aims to encourage the growers that
cultivate and promote export crops .6 . Plants are damaged by natural
disasters , and not due to laziness or negligence of the people , it
will ditangggung by the pememrintah .7 . Implementation cultivation
submitted to native servants , and the servants Europe only as a
supervisor . [ 7 ]These provisions if further scrutiny seem not to
overburden the people . But in practice , it is often stray far from the
provisions to the detriment of the people and the very burden of the
people .
7.
willem Janssen
ate Willem Janssens (born in Nijmegen, October 12, 1762 - died at The Hague, May 23, 1838 at the age of 75 years) is the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies 37th. He replaces Herman Willem Daendels on February 20, 1811 and arrived at the Istana Bogor (Buitenzorg) on May 15, 1811.He began his term in a precarious condition. Many soldiers Daendels remains incompetent to be a soldier, so he easily defeated British and forced to surrender on 18 September 1811 to Thomas Stamford Raffles in Tuntang capitulation.Due to a very short reign, it can be said that he did not leave anything. Just as if he were assigned to keep the French flag fluttering in the Dutch East Indies for six months.See also
